The fundamental philosophical current is materialism. It is on the basis of this philosophical concept that many natural science disciplines were developed. The principles of materialism formed the basis of biology and physics. The article reveals the fundamental philosophical foundations of materialism.

Heidegger developed a new approach to understanding being that differed from traditional philosophical concepts. He argued that being cannot be conceptualized as an object, but must be seen as a process that we carry out in our lives.

Schopenhauer and Nietzsche had similar themes, considered the will to be the driving force behind personal development, and were influenced by Indian philosophical thought. Nevertheless, there are differences in their teachings.