First Complete Genome of An Ancient Egyptian Reveals Secrets of the Past

For the first time in the history of science, the genome of an ancient Egyptian has been fully sequenced. This groundbreaking discovery sheds light on the life and origins of a potter who lived during a period of great change some 4,800 years ago, and offers an unprecedented glimpse into the genetic traits of the inhabitants of Ancient Egypt.

Until recently, knowledge about the life of the ancient Egyptians was based mainly on archaeological findings, hieroglyphs and texts, but now a powerful tool - genetics - has been added.

A new study published in the journal Nature details this breakthrough, achieved by analyzing the remains of a man who lived some 4,500 to 4,800 years ago in the village of Nuwayrat, which was located 265 kilometers south of Cairo. This period marked the transition from the Early Dynastic Period to the Old Kingdom, a time of significant social, political and cultural change in Egypt.

The genome of this unnamed individual, presumably practicing the craft of pottery, has allowed researchers to greatly expand their understanding of ancient Egyptian identity as well as migration processes.

Ancient Egypt has always been the subject of intense scholarly and public scrutiny. Mummies, in particular, have been of particular interest, attracting researchers from a variety of fields, including evolutionary geneticist Swante Paabo. Paabo, known for his pioneering work over the Neanderthal genome, began his career in evolutionary genetics with mummies when, forty years ago, he succeeded in extracting DNA from samples some 2,000 years old.

Since then, DNA sequencing technology has made tremendous leaps. Modern methods make it possible to obtain much more complete and high-quality data even from highly fragmented DNA.

This technological advancement has made possible the sequencing of the first complete genome of an ancient Egyptian. According to a press release about the new study, scientists extracted DNA for sequencing from a man's tooth.

Natural burial conditions without the use of preservatives provided the best preservation of organic molecules.

Using radiocarbon dating, the researchers have accurately determined that this individual lived during one of the most dynamic periods of Egyptian history - the transition between the Early Dynastic Period and the Old Kingdom. This period was characterized by significant upheavals, including wars, periodic foreign occupations, and episodes of political collapse, which may have significantly affected the demographic composition and genetic makeup of Egypt's population.

Archaeological findings have long pointed to an active exchange of goods, ideas, and probably people between ancient Egypt and other regions of the Fertile Crescent. The genome of a potter from Nuwayrat provided compelling genetic evidence for this hypothesis.

Analysis of the genetic code showed that most of the Egyptian resident's ancestors were linked to populations living in North Africa, which is to be expected. However, the startling discovery was that about 20 percent of his ancestors can be traced back to people who inhabited Mesopotamia (the territory of modern-day Iraq).

This discovery confirms long-held assumptions that migrations and mixing with local populations did occur. However, the researchers emphasize that sequencing a much larger number of individual genomes will be required to better understand the extent and nature of these migratory processes and their impact on the genetic diversity of the population at that time in Egyptian history.

"Bringing together all the evidence from this man's DNA, bones and teeth, we were able to put together a complete picture," commented Adeline Morez Jacobs, first author of the paper and a former postdoctoral fellow at the Francis Crick Institute, on the discovery. "We hope that future DNA samples from ancient Egypt will help clarify exactly when this migration from western Asia began and how it evolved over time."

In addition to the genetic data, the researchers were also able to reconstruct some aspects of this man's daily life. Physical signs on the bones indicate hard physical labor. Traces of outstretched arms and arthritis in the right foot suggest that he was probably a potter or similar craft requiring long periods of sitting and monotonous movement, perhaps at a potter's wheel.

When they studied the chemical compounds in the Egyptian man's teeth related to diet and environment, they concluded that the man most likely grew up in Egypt. They then used his skeletal data to determine his gender, age, height, and to obtain information about his ancestry and lifestyle.

An interesting point is his burial. He was buried with great honor, as evidenced by the placement of his body in a large earthen vessel. Such a posthumous privilege was not usually accorded to ordinary potters.

Researchers speculate that this man may have been able to climb the social ladder because of his exceptional skills in his craft, gaining recognition and status that went beyond that of an ordinary artisan. His burial may indicate that he was not just an ordinary craftsman, but a highly skilled professional whose products were valued.

The first complete genome of an ancient Egyptian opens up new possibilities for the study of human history. It demonstrates the incredible potential of paleogenetics to reconstruct details of the lives of long-gone civilizations. With each new sequenced genome, the veil of mystery over the past will be lifted more and more, allowing us to better understand our ancestors and the paths of humanity.

"The research team was able to screen out external contamination and finally get a clean genome - a new milestone in the study of Egypt's ancient history," said Pontus Skoglund, head of the Ancient Genomics Laboratory at the Crick Institute.